Full stomach – nonfasted, emergency surgery or trauma |
Pregnancy after 12 to 20 weeks gestation (gestational age for increased risk is controversial) |
Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux |
Diabetic or other gastroparesis |
Hiatal hernia |
Gastric outlet obstruction |
Esophageal pathology or prior esophagectomy |
Bowel obstruction |
Increased intra-abdominal pressure – ascites, abdominal mass |
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