Vascular | Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, major surgery (radical prostatectomy) or radiotherapy (pelvis or retroperitoneum) |
Neurologic | Spinal cord and brain injuries, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, major surgery (radical prostatectomy) or radiotherapy of the prostate |
Local penile (cavernous) factors | Peyronie's disease, cavernous fibrosis, penile fracture |
Hormonal | Hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, hyper- and hypothyroidism, hyper- and hypocortisolism |
Drug induced | Antihypertensives, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiandrogens, recreational drugs, alcohol |
Psychogenic | Performance-related anxiety, traumatic past experiences, relationship problems, anxiety, depression, stress |
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