- Prior difficult intubation
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- Interincisor (intergingival in edentulous patients) gap <4 cm
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- Thyromental distance <6 cm
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- Sternomental distance <12 cm*
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- Head and neck extension <30 degrees from neutral
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- Mallampati oropharyngeal classification class III or IV¶
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- Inadequate mandibular protrusion (inability to place lower incisors in front of upper incisors)* or Upper Lip Bite Test Class IIIΔ
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- Neck circumference >40 cm*
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- Lack of sub-mental compliance (hard and noncompliant)*
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