Delayed switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin (Hb F to Hb A) |
Prematurity |
Infants of diabetic mothers |
Trisomy 13 |
Bone marrow regeneration/increased erythropoiesis |
After acute blood loss |
After iron replacement in severe iron deficiency |
Following chemotherapy |
Following hematopoietic stem cell transplant |
Acute hemolysis |
During recovery from transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) |
Pregnancy-associated erythroid expansion |
Inherited and acquired bone marrow failure |
Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome |
Acquired aplastic anemia |
Malignancies |
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) |
Other hematologic malignancies (AML, MDS, erythroleukemia, ALL, CML) |
Solid tumors (choriocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, hepatoma) |