Version October 2024
| Category | Specific causes |
| Physiologic | Hypovolemia, hyperosmolality |
| Pulmonary | Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, asthma, pneumothorax, cystic fibrosis, positive pressure mechanical ventilation |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | Meningitis, encephalitis, CNS tumor, brain trauma, pain, anxiety, hypoxia, nausea, postsurgery |
| Metabolic | Hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism |
| Medication effect | Vincristine, carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, narcotics |
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