Version October 2024
| Prematurity and very low birth weight (<1500 g) |
| Fetal growth restriction, especially infants with birth weight <3rd percentile for gestational age (refer to UpToDate content on fetal [intrauterine] growth restriction) |
| Long-term parenteral nutrition (>4 weeks) |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with loop diuretics and/or fluid restriction |
| Long-term postnatal corticosteroid use |
| History of necrotizing enterocolitis or other diseases causing intestinal failure, especially in patients who undergo surgical intervention |
| Feeds that do not have high mineral content (eg, due to poor tolerance of fortified feeds) |
| Metabolic or endocrine disorders including severe cholestasis or kidney disease |
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