High bleeding risk procedure (2-day risk of major bleed 2 to 4%) |
Any major operation of duration >45 minutes |
Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair |
Coronary artery bypass |
Endoscopically guided fine-needle aspiration |
Foot/hand/shoulder surgery |
Heart valve replacement |
Hip replacement |
Kidney biopsy |
Knee replacement |
Laminectomy |
Neurosurgical/urologic/head and neck/abdominal/breast cancer surgery |
Polypectomy, variceal treatment, biliary sphincterotomy, pneumatic dilatation |
Transurethral prostate resection |
Vascular and general surgery |
Low bleeding risk procedure (2-day risk of major bleed 0 to 2%) |
Abdominal hernia repair |
Abdominal hysterectomy |
Arthroscopic surgery lasting <45 minutes |
Axillary node dissection |
Bronchoscopy with or without biopsy |
Carpal tunnel decompression |
Cataract and noncataract eye surgery |
Central venous catheter removal |
Cholecystectomy |
Cutaneous and bladder/prostate/thyroid/breast/lymph node biopsies |
Dilatation and curettage |
Gastrointestinal endoscopy ± biopsy, enteroscopy, biliary/pancreatic stent without sphincterotomy, endosonography without fine-needle aspiration |
Hemorrhoidal surgery |
Hydrocele repair |
Noncoronary angiography |
Pacemaker and cardiac defibrillator insertion and electrophysiologic testing |
Paracentesis |
Thoracentesis |
Tooth extractions (multiple tooth extractions is an exception that may be higher risk) |
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