Insufficient sleep |
Sleep deprivation |
Environmental intrusions |
Sleep disorders |
Obstructive sleep apnea |
Central sleep apnea |
Sleep-related hypoventilation or hypoxemia |
Central disorders of hypersomnolence |
Narcolepsy type 1 or 2 |
Kleine-Levin syndrome |
Idiopathic hypersomnia |
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders |
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder |
Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder |
Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder |
Non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder |
Jet lag |
Shift work |
Restless legs syndrome |
Periodic limb movement disorder |
Other neurologic disorders |
Neurodegenerative disease |
Parkinson disease |
Dementia with Lewy bodies |
Alzheimer disease |
Multiple system atrophy |
Myotonic dystrophy |
Multiple sclerosis |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (via sleep-related breathing disorders) |
Structural lesions affecting thalamus, hypothalamus, or brainstem |
Traumatic brain injury |
Encephalitis lethargica |
Cerebral trypanosomiasis |
Medical and genetic disorders |
Hypothyroidism |
Obesity |
End-stage renal disease |
Adrenal insufficiency |
Hepatic encephalopathy |
Niemann-Pick type C |
Prader-Willi syndrome |
Psychiatric disorders |
Depression |
Anxiety |
Substance abuse |
Alcohol |
Narcotics |
Prescription opioid abuse |
Stimulant withdrawal |
Psychogenic sleepiness |
Medications |
Benzodiazepines |
Nonbenzodiazepine sedatives |
Antipsychotics |
Opioid analgesics |
Beta-blockers (lipophilic) |
Barbiturates |
Antihistamines |
Antiseizure medications |
Sedative antidepressants |
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