Degree of risk | Risk factors | Odds ratio |
High | Previous ectopic pregnancy | 2.7 to 8.3 |
Previous tubal surgery | 2.1 to 21 | |
Tubal pathology | 3.5 to 25 | |
Sterilization | 5.2 to 19 | |
IUD | ||
| 1.7 | |
| 4.2 to 16.4 | |
| 4.9* | |
In vitro fertilization in current pregnancy | 4 to 9.3 | |
Moderate | Current use of estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives | 1.7 to 4.5 |
Previous sexually transmitted infections (gonorrhea, chlamydia) | 2.8 to 3.7 | |
Previous pelvic inflammatory disease | 2.5 to 3.4 | |
In utero DES exposure | 3.7 | |
Smoking | ||
| 1.5 to 2.5 | |
| 1.7 to 3.9 | |
Previous pelvic/abdominal surgery | 4 | |
Previous spontaneous abortion | 3 | |
Low | Previous medically induced abortion | 2.8 |
Infertility | 2.1 to 2.7 | |
Age ≥40 years | 2.9 | |
Vaginal douching | 1.1 to 3.1 | |
Age at first intercourse <18 years | 1.6 | |
Previous appendectomy | 1.6 |
IUD: intrauterine device; DES: diethylstilbestrol.
* Rates of ectopic pregnancy may be higher among those using the 13.5 mg compared with the 52 mg levonorgestrel IUD. This is discussed in related UpToDate content.Do you want to add Medilib to your home screen?