Nutrient | Age group | RDA*/AI¶ | ULΔ | Adverse effects of excess |
Vitamin A | ||||
1 mcg retinol activity equivalent = 3.3 unit vitamin A | Micrograms daily | Micrograms daily | Ataxia, alopecia, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxicity, bone and muscle pain; teratogenic | |
Infants | ||||
0 to 6 months | 400¶ | 600 | ||
7 to 12 months | 500¶ | 600 | ||
Children | ||||
1 to 3 years | 300 | 600 | ||
4 to 8 years | 400 | 900 | ||
Males | ||||
9 to 13 years | 600 | 1700 | ||
14 to 18 years | 900 | 2800 | ||
≥19 years | 900 | 3000 | ||
Females | ||||
9 to 13 years | 600 | 1700 | ||
14 to 18 years | 700 | 2800 | ||
≥19 years | 700 | 3000 | ||
Pregnancy | ||||
<18 years | 750 | 2800 | ||
≥19 years | 770 | 3000 | ||
Lactation | ||||
<18 years | 1200 | 2800 | ||
≥19 years | 1300 | 3000 | ||
Vitamin D | ||||
(calciferol) 1 mcg calciferol = 40 int. unit | Micrograms daily | Micrograms daily | Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, polydipsia, polyuria, confusion, anorexia, vomiting, bone demineralization | |
Infants | ||||
0 to 12 months | 10 (400 int. unit)¶ | 0 to 6 months: 25 (1000 int. unit) | ||
6 to 12 months: 37.5 (1500 int. unit) | ||||
Children and adolescents | ||||
1 to 18 years | 15 (600 int. unit) | 1 to 3 years: 62.5 (2500 int. unit) | ||
4 to 8 years: 75 (3000 int. unit) | ||||
9 to 18 years: 100 (4000 int. unit) | ||||
Males and females (including pregnancy and lactation) | ||||
19 to 50 years | 15 (600 int. unit) | 100 (4000 int. unit) | ||
50 to 70 years | 15 | 100 | ||
>70 years | 20 (800 int. unit) | 100 | ||
Vitamin E | ||||
(alpha-tocopherol) 1 mg = 1.47 int. unit "natural source" vitamin E or 2.2 int. unit synthetic vitamin E | Milligrams daily | Milligrams daily | Increased risk of bleeding; possibly increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants | |
Infants | ||||
0 to 6 months | 4¶ | ND | ||
7 to 12 months | 5¶ | ND | ||
Children | ||||
1 to 3 years | 6 | 200 | ||
4 to 8 years | 7 | 300 | ||
Males and females (including pregnancy) | ||||
9 to 13 years | 11 | 600 | ||
14 to 18 years | 15 | 800 | ||
>18 years | 15 | 1000 | ||
Lactation | ||||
≤18 years | 19 | 800 | ||
>19 years | 19 | 1000 | ||
Vitamin K | ||||
Micrograms daily | Micrograms daily | No adverse effects associated with vitamin K consumption from food or supplements have been reported; however, data are limited | ||
Infants | ||||
0 to 6 months | 2¶ | ND | ||
7 to 12 months | 2.5¶ | ND | ||
Children | ||||
1 to 3 years | 30¶ | ND | ||
4 to 8 years | 55¶ | ND | ||
Males | ||||
9 to 13 years | 60¶ | ND | ||
14 to 18 years | 75¶ | ND | ||
>19 years | 120¶ | ND | ||
Females (including pregnancy and lactation) | ||||
9 to 13 years | 60¶ | ND | ||
14 to 18 years | 75¶ | ND | ||
>19 years | 90¶ | ND |
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