Nonpregnant females* | First trimester | Second trimester | Third trimester | References | |
Hematology | |||||
Erythropoietin¶ (units/L) | 4 to 27 | 12 to 25 | 8 to 67 | 14 to 222 | 1-3, 105 |
Ferritin¶ (ng/mL) | 10 to 150Δ | 6 to 130 | 2 to 230 | 0 to 116 | 1-8 |
Folate, red blood cell (ng/mL) | 150 to 450 | 137 to 589 | 94 to 828 | 109 to 663 | 6, 9, 10 |
Folate, serum (ng/mL) | 5.4 to 18.0 | 2.6 to 15.0 | 0.8 to 24.0 | 1.4 to 20.7 | 1, 6, 9-13 |
Haptoglobin (mg/mL) | 25 to 250 | 130±43 | 115±50 | 135±65 | 91 |
Hemoglobin¶ (g/dL) | 12 to 15.8Δ | 11.6 to 13.9 | 9.7 to 14.8 | 9.5 to 15.0 | 2, 3, 6, 7, 13 |
Hematocrit¶ (%) | 35.4 to 44.4 | 31.0 to 41.0 | 30.0 to 39.0 | 28.0 to 40.0 | 1, 2, 5, 6, 13-15 |
Iron, total binding capacity¶ (mcg/dL) | 251 to 406 | 278 to 403 | Not reported | 359 to 609 | 7 |
Iron, serum¶ (mcg/dL) | 41 to 141 | 72 to 143 | 44 to 178 | 30 to 193 | 2, 7 |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg/cell) | 27 to 32 | 30 to 32 | 30 to 33 | 29 to 32 | 5 |
Mean corpuscular volume (×m3) | 79 to 93 | 81 to 96 | 82 to 97 | 81 to 99 | 103 |
Platelet (×109/L) | 165 to 415 | 174 to 391 | 155 to 409 | 146 to 429 | 5, 6, 14, 16, 17 |
Mean platelet volume (mcm3) | 6.4 to 11.0 | 7.7 to 10.3 | 7.8 to 10.2 | 8.2 to 10.4 | 5 |
Red blood cell count (×106/mm3) | 4.00 to 5.20Δ | 3.42 to 4.55 | 2.81 to 4.49 | 2.71 to 4.43 | 5, 6, 13, 14 |
Red cell distribution width (%) | <14.5 | 12.5 to 14.1 | 13.4 to 13.6 | 12.7 to 15.3 | 5 |
White blood cell count (×103/mm3) | 3.5 to 9.1 | 5.7 to 13.6 | 5.6 to 14.8 | 5.9 to 16.9 | 5, 6, 13, 14, 18 |
Neutrophils (×103/mm3) | 1.4 to 4.6 | 3.6 to 10.1 | 3.8 to 12.3 | 3.9 to 13.1 | 5, 14, 16, 18 |
Lymphocytes (×103/mm3) | 0.7 to 4.6 | 1.1 to 3.6 | 0.9 to 3.9 | 1.0 to 3.6 | 5, 14, 16, 18 |
Monocytes (×103/mm3) | 0.1 to 0.7 | 0.1 to 1.1 | 0.1 to 1.1 | 0.1 to 1.4 | 5, 14, 18 |
Eosinophils (×103/mm3) | 0 to 0.6 | 0 to 0.6 | 0 to 0.6 | 0 to 0.6 | 14, 18 |
Basophils (×103/mm3) | 0 to 0.2 | 0 to 0.1 | 0 to 0.1 | 0 to 0.1 | 14, 18 |
Transferrin (mg/dL) | 200 to 400 | 254 to 344 | 220 to 441 | 288 to 530 | 4, 5 |
Transferrin, saturation without iron (%) | 22 to 46¶ | Not reported | 10 to 44 | 5 to 37 | 3 |
Transferrin, saturation with iron (%) | 22 to 46¶ | Not reported | 18 to 92 | 9 to 98 | 3 |
Hepcidin (ng/mL) | Not reported | 4 to 97 | 6 to 36 | 1 to 43 | 98, 100 |
Coagulation | |||||
Antithrombin, functional (%) | 70 to 130 | 89 to 114 | 78 to 126 | 82 to 116 | 17, 19, 20 |
Factor V (%) | 50 to 150 | 75 to 95 | 72 to 96 | 60 to 88 | 25 |
Factor VII (%) | 50 to 150 | 100 to 146 | 95 to 153 | 149 to 211 | 17 |
Factor VIII (%) | 50 to 150 | 90 to 210 | 97 to 312 | 143 to 353 | 17, 25 |
Factor IX (%) | 50 to 150 | 103 to 172 | 154 to 217 | 164 to 235 | 17 |
Factor XI (%) | 50 to 150 | 80 to 127 | 82 to 144 | 65 to 123 | 17 |
Factor XII (%) | 50 to 150 | 78 to 124 | 90 to 151 | 129 to 194 | 17 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 211 to 496 | 244 to 510 | 291 to 538 | 301 to 696 | 5, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 85 |
Homocysteine (mmol/L) | 4.4 to 10.8 | 3.34 to 11 | 2.0 to 26.9 | 3.2 to 21.4 | 6, 9, 10-12 |
International Normalized Ratio | 0.9 to 1.04◊ | 0.86 to 1.08 | 0.83 to 1.02 | 0.80 to 1.09 | 19, 24, 106 |
Partial thromboplastin time, activated (seconds) | 26.3 to 39.4 | 23.0 to 38.9 | 22.9 to 38.1 | 22.6 to 35.0 | 5, 17, 19, 24 |
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen (pg/mL) | 17.3±5.7 | 17.7±1.9 | Not reported | 66.4±4.9 | 85 |
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity (arbitrary units) | 9.3±1.9 | 9.0±0.8 | Not reported | 31.4±3.0 | 85 |
Prothrombin time (seconds) | 12.7 to 15.4 | 9.7 to 13.5 | 9.5 to 13.4 | 9.6 to 12.9 | 5, 17, 24, 106 |
Protein C, functional (%) | 70 to 130 | 78 to 121 | 83 to 133 | 67 to 135 | 19, 25, 26 |
Protein S, total (%) | 70 to 140 | 39 to 105 | 27 to 101 | 33 to 101 | 17, 25, 26 |
Protein S, free (%) | 70 to 140 | 34 to 133 | 19 to 113 | 20 to 65 | 25, 26 |
Protein S, functional activity (%) | 65 to 140 | 57 to 95 | 42 to 68 | 16 to 42 | 25 |
Tissue plasminogen activator (ng/mL) | 1.6 to 13§ | 1.8 to 6.0 | 2.36 to 6.6 | 3.34 to 9.20 | 17, 19, 85 |
Tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (ng/mL) | 4 to 43 | 16 to 33 | 36 to 55 | 67 to 92 | 17 |
Activated protein C resistance (APC-r) | 2.12 to 5.00 | 1.79 to 4.75 | 1.00 to 2.83 | 1.61 to 5.00 | 104, 107 |
D-Dimer (DDU) (ng/mL) | <500 | 200 to 900 | 200 to 1600 | 400 to 500 | 21-23, 97 |
von Willebrand measurements | |||||
von Willebrand factor antigen (%) | 75 to 125 | 62 to 318 | 90 to 247 | 84 to 422 | 20, 27, 28 |
ADAMTS-13, von Willebrand cleaving protease | 40 to 170¥ | 40 to 160 | 22 to 135 | 38 to 105 | 20, 28 |
Blood chemical constituents | |||||
Alanine aminotransferase (units/L) | 7 to 41 | 3 to 30 | 2 to 33 | 2 to 25 | 4, 5, 8, 29, 108 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.1 to 5.3Δ | 3.1 to 5.1 | 2.6 to 4.5 | 2.3 to 4.2 | 29-32 |
Alkaline phosphatase (units/L) | 33 to 96 | 17 to 88 | 25 to 126 | 38 to 229 | 4, 5, 8, 29, 30 |
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (mg/dL) | 100 to 200 | 225 to 323 | 273 to 391 | 327 to 487 | 5 |
Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/mL) | — | — | Approximately 130-400 | Approximately 130-590 | 93 |
Ammonia (microM) | 31±3.2 | — | — | 27.3±1.6 | 92 |
Amylase (units/L) | 20 to 96 | 24 to 83 | 16 to 73 | 15 to 81 | 4, 5, 33, 34 |
Anion gap (mmol/L) | 7 to 16 | 13 to 17 | 12 to 16 | 12 to 16 | 5 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (units/L) | 12 to 38 | 3 to 23 | 3 to 33 | 4 to 32 | 4, 5, 8, 29, 108 |
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 22 to 30 | 20 to 24 | 20 to 24 | 20 to 24 | 5 |
Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) | 0.3 to 1.3 | 0.1 to 0.4 | 0.1 to 0.8 | 0.1 to 1.1 | 4, 29, 99 |
Bilirubin, unconjugated (mg/dL) | 0.2 to 0.9 | 0.1 to 0.5 | 0.1 to 0.4 | 0.1 to 0.5 | 5, 29 |
Bilirubin, conjugated (mg/dL) | 0.1 to 0.4 | 0 to 0.1 | 0 to 0.1 | 0 to 0.1 | 29 |
Bile acids (micromol/L) | 0.3 to 4.8‡ | 0 to 4.9 | 0 to 9.1 | 0 to 11.3 | 29, 35 |
CA 125 antigen (units/mL) | 7.2 to 27.0 | 2/2 to 268 | 12 to 25.1 | 16.8 to 43.8 | 86, 87, 88 |
Calcium, ionized (mg/dL) | 4.5 to 5.3 | 4.5 to 5.1 | 4.4 to 5.0 | 4.4 to 5.3 | 5, 31, 36, 37 |
Calcium, total (mg/dL) | 8.7 to 10.2 | 8.8 to 10.6 | 8.2 to 9.0 | 8.2 to 9.7 | 4, 5, 30, 32, 36-38 |
Ceruloplasmin (mg/dL) | 25 to 63 | 30 to 49 | 40 to 53 | 43 to 78 | 5, 39 |
Chloride (mEq/L) | 102 to 109 | 101 to 105 | 97 to 109 | 97 to 109 | 4, 5, 40 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.5 to 0.9Δ | 0.4 to 0.7 | 0.4 to 0.8 | 0.4 to 0.9 | 4, 5, 46, 109 |
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (units/L) | 9 to 58 | 2 to 23 | 4 to 22 | 3 to 26 | 4, 5, 8, 29 |
Lactate dehydrogenase (units/L) | 115 to 221 | 78 to 433 | 80 to 447 | 82 to 524 | 4, 5, 32, 8 |
Lead (microg/dL) | Not reported | 6.8 to 7.7 | 5.8 to 6.6 | 6.8 to 7.8 | 110 |
Lipase (units/L) | 3 to 43 | 21 to 76 | 26 to 100 | 41 to 112 | 33 |
Magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.5 to 2.3 | 1.6 to 2.2 | 1.5 to 2.2 | 1.1 to 2.2 | 4, 5, 30-32, 36, 38 |
Osmolality (mOsm/kg H20) | 275 to 295 | 275 to 280 | 276 to 289 | 278 to 280 | 38, 41 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 2.5 to 4.3 | 3.1 to 4.6 | 2.5 to 4.6 | 2.8 to 4.6 | 4, 5, 30, 31, 42 |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 3.5 to 5.0 | 3.6 to 5.0 | 3.3 to 5.0 | 3.3 to 5.1 | 4, 5, 15, 31, 32, 38, 40 |
Prealbumin (mg/dL) | 17 to 34 | 15 to 27 | 20 to 27 | 14 to 23 | 5 |
Protein, total (g/dL) | 6.7 to 8.6 | 6.2 to 7.6 | 5.7 to 6.9 | 5.6 to 6.7 | 5, 31, 32 |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 136 to 146 | 133 to 148 | 129 to 148 | 130 to 148 | 4, 5, 15, 31, 32, 38, 41 |
Urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 7 to 20 | 7 to 12 | 3 to 13 | 3 to 11 | 4, 5, 40 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 2.5 to 5.6Δ | 2.0 to 4.2 | 2.4 to 4.9 | 3.1 to 6.3 | 4, 5, 41 |
Metabolic and endocrine tests | |||||
Adiponectin (ng/dL) | Not reported | 1141 to 13,499 | 1205 to 16,035 | 1428 to 13,857 | 111 |
Aldosterone (ng/dL) | 2 to 9 | 6 to 104 | 9 to 104 | 15 to 101 | 43, 44, 45 |
Angiotensin converting enzyme (units/L) | 9 to 67 | 1 to 38 | 1 to 36 | 1 to 39 | 39, 46 |
Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/mL) | 0 to 8.5 | Not reported | 50 to 425 | 50 to 590 | 82, 84 |
Cortisol (mcg/dL) | 0 to 25 | 7 to 19 | 10 to 42 | 12 to 50 | 5, 45 |
Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 4 to 6 | 4 to 6 | 4 to 6 | 4 to 7 | 36, 47, 48 |
Iodine (urine, microg/dL) | Not reported | 75 to 291 | 89 to 316 | Not reported | 112 |
Leptin (pg/mL) | Not reported | 5594 to 166,097 | 1401 to 96,912 | 3997 to 189,930 | 111 |
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 8 to 51 | 10 to 15 | 18 to 25 | 9 to 26 | 30 |
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (pmol/L) | <1.3† | 0.7 to 0.9 | 1.8 to 2.2 | 2.5 to 2.8 | 30 |
Renin, plasma activity (ng/mL/hour) | 0.3 to 9.0† | Not reported | 7.5 to 54.0 | 5.9 to 58.8 | 40, 44 |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (milli-int. units/mL) [American Thyroid Association recommendation]** | 0.34 to 4.25 | 0.60 to 3.40 | 0.37 to 3.60 | 0.38 to 4.04 | 4, 5, 49 |
0.1 to 2.5 | 0.2 to 3.0 | 0.3 to 3.0 | 83 | ||
Thyroxine-binding globulin (mg/dL) | 1.3 to 3.0 | 1.8 to 3.2 | 2.8 to 4.0 | 2.6 to 4.2 | 5 |
Thyroxine, free (ng/dL) | 0.8 to 1.7 | 0.8 to 1.2 | 0.6 to 1.0 | 0.5 to 0.8 | 5, 49 |
Thyroxine, total (mcg/dL) | 5.4 to 11.7 | 6.5 to 10.1 | 7.5 to 10.3 | 6.3 to 9.7 | 5, 32 |
Triiodothyronine, free (pg/mL) | 2.4 to 4.2 | 4.1 to 4.4 | 4.0 to 4.2 | Not reported | 49 |
Triiodothyronine, total (ng/dL) | 77 to 135 | 97 to 149 | 117 to 169 | 123 to 162 | 5 |
Vitamins and minerals | |||||
Copper (mcg/dL) | 70 to 140 | 112 to 199 | 165 to 221 | 130 to 240 | 50, 51, 5 |
Selenium (mcg/L) | 63 to 160 | 116 to 146 | 75 to 145 | 71 to 133 | 5, 50 |
Vitamin A (retinol) (mcg/dL) | 20 to 100 | 32 to 47 | 35 to 44 | 29 to 42 | 5 |
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 279 to 966 | 118 to 438 | 130 to 656 | 99 to 526 | 6, 10 |
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (mg/dL) | 0.4 to 1.0 | Not reported | Not reported | 0.9 to 1.3 | 52 |
Vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxy (pg/mL) | 25 to 45 | 20 to 65 | 72 to 160 | 60 to 119 | 30, 36 |
Vitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxy (ng/mL) | 0.5 to 5.0† | 1.2 to 1.8 | 1.1 to 1.5 | 0.7 to 0.9 | 53 |
Vitamin D, 25-hydroxy (ng/mL) | 14 to 80 | 18 to 27 | 10 to 22 | 10 to 18 | 30, 53 |
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) (mcg/mL) | 5 to 18 | 7 to 13 | 10 to 16 | 13 to 23 | 5 |
Zinc (mcg/dL) | 75 to 120 | 57 to 88 | 51 to 80 | 50 to 77 | 5, 13, 50 |
Autoimmune and inflammatory mediators | |||||
C3 complement (mg/dL) | 83 to 177 | 62 to 98 | 73 to 103 | 77 to 111 | 5 |
C4 complement (mg/dL) | 16 to 47 | 18 to 36 | 18 to 34 | 22 to 32 | 5 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.2 to 3.0 | Not reported | 0.4 to 20.3 | 0.4 to 8.1 | 54 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hour) | 0 to 20Δ | 4 to 57 | 7 to 47 | 13 to 70 | 55 |
Immunoglobulin A (mg/dL) | 70 to 350 | 95 to 243 | 99 to 237 | 112 to 250 | 5 |
Immunoglobulin G (mg/dL) | 700 to 1700 | 981 to 1267 | 813 to 1131 | 678 to 990 | 5 |
Immunoglobulin M (mg/dL) | 50 to 300 | 78 to 232 | 74 to 218 | 85 to 269 | 5 |
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | Not reported | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 113 |
Sex hormones | |||||
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (mmol/L) | 1.3 to 6.8† | 2.0 to 16.5 | 0.9 to 7.8 | 0.8 to 6.5 | 56 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) | <20 to 443Δ,¶¶ | 188 to 2497 | 1278 to 7192 | 614 to 3460 | 56, 57 |
Progesterone (ng/mL) | <1 to 20Δ | 8 to 48 | 99 to 342 | 56, 57 | |
Prolactin (ng/mL) | 0 to 20 | 36 to 213 | 110 to 330 | 137 to 372 | 30, 47, 57, 58 |
Sex hormone binding globulin (nmol/L) | 18 to 114Δ | 39 to 131 | 214 to 717 | 216 to 724 | 56, 59 |
Testosterone (ng/dL) | 6 to 86Δ | 25.7 to 211.4 | 34.3 to 242.9 | 62.9 to 308.6 | 56 |
17-hydroxyprogesterone (nmol/L) | 0.6 to 10.6Δ,† | 5.2 to 28.5 | 5.2 to 28.5 | 15.5 to 84 | 56 |
Lipids | |||||
Cholesterol, total (mg/dL) | <200 | 141 to 210 | 176 to 299 | 219 to 349 | 5, 60-62, 114 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 40 to 60 | 40 to 78 | 52 to 87 | 48 to 87 | 5, 60-63 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | <100 | 60 to 153 | 77 to 184 | 101 to 224 | 5, 60-63 |
Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 6 to 40† | 10 to 18 | 13 to 23 | 21 to 36 | 62 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | <150 | 40 to 159 | 75 to 382 | 131 to 453 | 4, 5, 60-63 |
Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL) | 119 to 240 | 111 to 150 | 142 to 253 | 145 to 262 | 4, 47, 61 |
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL) | 52 to 163 | 58 to 81 | 66 to 188 | 85 to 238 | 4, 47, 61 |
Cardiac function | |||||
Cardiac output (L/minute) | 4.8 to 6.8 | 5.6 to 9.7 | 5.5 to 9.9 | 4.8 to 8.7 | 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 |
Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.6 to 4.2 | 3.2 to 4.6 | 3.1 to 4.7 | 2.5 to 4.4 | 65, 68 |
Stroke volume (mL) | 79 to 90 | 77.5 to 107.6 | 70.3 to 107.6 | 54 to 99 | 65, 68, 69 |
Stroke index (mL/m2) | 46 to 62 | 39 to 62 | 30 to 42 | 65 | |
Systemic vascular resistance (dyns/cm5) | 700 to 1600 | 747 to 1485 | 692 to 1201 | 1034 to 1201 | 65, 67, 70 |
Echocardiography | |||||
Intraventricular septal dimension (cm) | 0.7 to 0.9 | 0.63 to 0.83 | 0.65 to 0.85 | 0.66 to 0.9 | 68, 69, 70, 89, 90 |
Posterior ventricular wall dimension (cm) | 0.75 to 0.9 | 0.56 to 0.8 | 0.59 to 0.9 | 0.59 to 0.9 | 68, 69, 70, 89, 90 |
Left ventricular mass (g) | 116 to 143 | 108 to 167 | 115 to 150 | 128 to 162 | 68, 70, 89, 90 |
Left ventricular mass index | 40 to 78 | 53 to 79 | 58 to 82 | 60 to 88 | 68, 70, 89, 90 |
E/A ratio | 1.4 to 1.75 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 68, 70 |
Left ventricular diastolic diameter (cm) | 4.3 to 4.8 | 4.3 to 4.6 | 4.4 to 4.9 | 5.1 | 69, 70 |
Left ventricular systolic diameter (cm) | 2.8 to 3.1 | 2.8 to 2.9 | 2.8 to 3.4 | 2.8 to 3.3 | 69, 70 |
Left vent, fractional shortening (%) | 35 to 36 | 35 to 37 | 3.5 | 35 to 36 | 69, 70 |
Left vent ejection fraction (%) | 60 to 73 | 61 to 75 | 61 to 63 | 60 to 73 | 69, 70 |
Diastolic function | |||||
Mitral E wave (m/second) | 0.77±0.11 | 0.85±0.13 | 0.84±0.16 | 0.77±0.15 | 89, 90 |
Mitral A wave (m/second) | 0.46±0.1 | 0.5±0.09 | 0.5±0.1 | 0.55±0.1 | 89, 90 |
Isovolumic relaxation time (m/second) | 69±10 | 50±10 | 79±18 | 72±16 | 89, 90 |
Cardiac function (blood tests) | |||||
Atrial natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | Not reported | Not reported | 28.1 to 70.1 | Not reported | 73 |
B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | <167 (age- and gender-specific) | 18.4 | 13.5 to 29.5 | 15.5 to 46 | 71, 72, 73, 95 |
Creatine kinase (units/L) | 39 to 238Δ | 27 to 83 | 25 to 75 | 13 to 101 | 5, 74 |
Creatine kinase-MB (units/L) | <6ΔΔ | — | — | 1.8 to 2.4 | 74 |
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 50±26 | 60±45 | 60±40 | 43±34 | 94, 115, 116 |
Troponin I (hs-TnI) | 0 to 1.0 | 0 to 1.0 | 0 to 1.0 | 0 to 1.0 | 102 |
Blood gas | |||||
pH | 7.38 to 7.42 (arterial) | 7.36 to 7.52 (venous) | 7.40 to 7.52 (venous) | 7.41 to 7.53 (venous) | 31, 75 |
7.39 to 7.45 (arterial) | |||||
PO2 (mmHg) | 90 to 100 | 93 to 100 | 90 to 98 | 92 to 107 | 75, 76 |
PCO2 (mmHg) | 38 to 42 | Not reported | Not reported | 25 to 33 | 75 |
Bicarbonate (HCO3–) (mEq/L) | 22 to 26 | Not reported | Not reported | 16 to 22 | 75 |
Renal function tests | |||||
Effective renal plasma flow (mL/minute) | 492 to 696Δ,† | 696 to 985 | 612 to 1170 | 595 to 945 | 77, 78 |
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (mL/minute) | 106 to 132Δ | 131 to 166 | 135 to 170 | 117 to 182 | 77, 78, 79 |
Filtration fraction (%) | 16.9 to 24.7◊◊ | 14.7 to 21.6 | 14.3 to 21.9 | 17.1 to 25.1 | 77, 78, 79 |
Osmolarity, urine (mOsm/kg) | 500 to 800 | 326 to 975 | 278 to 1066 | 238 to 1034 | 80 |
24-h albumin excretion (mg/24 hours) | <30 | 5 to 15 | 4 to 18 | 3 to 22 | 80, 81 |
24-h calcium excretion (mmol/24 hours) | <7.5† | 1.6 to 5.2 | 0.3 to 6.9 | 0.8 to 4.2 | 15 |
24-h creatinine clearance (mL/minute) | 91 to 130 | 69 to 140 | 55 to 136 | 50 to 166 | 15, 78 |
24-h creatinine excretion (mmol/24 hours) | 8.8 to 14† | 10.6 to 11.6 | 10.3 to 11.5 | 10.2 to 11.4 | 80 |
24-h potassium excretion (mmol/24 hours) | 25 to 100† | 17 to 33 | 10 to 38 | 11 to 35 | 15 |
24-h protein excretion (mg/24 hours) | <150 | 19 to 141 | 47 to 186 | 46 to 185 | 81 |
24-h sodium excretion (mmol/24 hours) | 100 to 260† | 53 to 215 | 34 to 213 | 37 to 149 | 15, 41 |
Pulmonary function tests | |||||
Forced vital capacity (FVC) (L) | 4.00±0.51 | 3.89±0.48 | 3.92±0.48 | 4.00±0.53 | 96 |
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (L) | 3.20±0.41 | 3.18±0.44 | 3.16±0.39 | 3.20±0.43 | 96 |
Peak expiratory flow (PEF) (L/second) | 7.18±1.05 | 6.71±1.19 | 6.92±1.13 | 7.19±1.10 | 96 |
Tidal volume (L) | 0.21 to 0.48 | 0.52±0.15 | 0.54±0.15 | 0.57±0.14 | 101 |
Minute ventilation (L) | 2.27 to 10.35 | 12.63±3.89 | 13.05±3.55 | 14.08±4.07 | 101 |
* Unless otherwise specified, all normal reference values are from the seventeenth edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine[82].
¶ Range includes references with and without iron supplementation.
Δ Normal reference range is specific range for females.
◊ Reference values are from Cerneca et al: Coagulation and fibrinolysis changes in normal pregnancy increased levels of procoagulants and reduced levels of inhibitors during pregnancy induce a hypercoagulable state, combined with a reactive fibrinolysis[19].
§ References values are from Cerneca et al and Choi et al: Tissue plasminogen activator levels change with plasma fibrinogen concentrations during pregnancy[17,19].
¥ Reference values are from Mannuci et al: Changes in health and disease of the metalloprotease that cleaves von Willebrand factor[28].
‡ Reference values are from Bacq Y et al: Liver function tests in normal pregnancy: a prospective study of 102 pregnant women and 102 matched controls[29].
† Reference values are from the fifteenth edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine[83].
** The American Thyroid Association recommends these TSH ranges if individual laboratories do not determine their own trimester-specific reference ranges.
¶¶ Range is for premenopausal females and varies by menstrual cycle phase.
ΔΔ Reference values are from Leiserowitz GS et al: Creatine kinase and its MB isoenzyme in the third trimester and the peripartum period[74].
◊◊ Reference values are from Dunlop W: Serial changes in renal haemodynamics during normal human pregnancy[77].Modified and reproduced with permission from: Abbassi-Ghanavati M, Greer LG. Reference Table of Normal Laboratory Values in Uncomplicated Pregnancies. In: Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom S, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY. Williams Obstetrics, 23rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Updated with information from: Abbassi-Ghanavati M, Greer LG. Reference Table of Normal Laboratory Values in Uncomplicated Pregnancies. In: Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom S, Dashe JD, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Spong CY. Williams Obstetrics, 25th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018.Do you want to add Medilib to your home screen?