Angiostrongylus costaricensis | Anisakiasis | Capillariasis | Dirofilariasis | Dracunculiasis | Trichostrongyliasis | ||||
Capillaria philippinensis | Capillaria hepatica | Dirofilaria immitis | Dirofilaria repens | Dirofilaria tenuis | |||||
Mode of acquisition | Usually via ingestion of raw snails/slugs or raw produce contaminated with larva-containing slug secretions | Ingestion of undercooked or raw fish | Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish | Ingestion of eggs in contaminated food, water, or soil | Mosquito bite | Ingestion of water containing copepods infected with larvae | Ingestion of unwashed vegetables fertilized with contaminated manure | ||
Main organ system affected | Intestine | Stomach or intestine | Intestine | Liver | Lung | Subcutaneous nodules | Skin | Intestine | |
Diagnosis | Intestinal biopsy | Visualization of worm (in vomitus or at endoscopy) | Stool specimen | Liver biopsy | Biopsy of involved tissue | Clinical | Stool | ||
Treatment | Not required | Physical removal of the parasite; possibly albendazole | Albendazole or mebendazole | Extraction/excision | Symptomatic only | Albendazole or mebendazole | |||
Hosts | Definitive host: Rats Intermediate host: Snails/slugs | Marine mammals, crustaceans, fish/squid | Fish-eating birds, fish | Rats, mammals | Dog | Cats | Racoons | NA | Herbivorous mammals, including sheep and cattle |
Humans | Dead-end host | Incidental hosts | Incidental hosts | Accidental, dead-end hosts | Only known host | Incidental hosts | |||
Main geographical area | Central and South America | Japan | Thailand, Philippines | Worldwide | Mediterranean region | Mainly Sudan, also Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Mali | Worldwide, especially Middle East and Asia |
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