Nuclear lesions |
Congenital (eg, Mobius syndrome) |
Demyelinating |
Ischemic |
Neoplastic |
Traumatic |
Metabolic (Wernicke disease) |
Fascicular lesions |
Demyelination |
Infarction |
Neoplasm |
Traumatic |
Subarachnoid space lesions |
Aneurysm or other vascular abnormalities |
Carcinomatous meningitis |
Damage following procedures |
Cervical traction |
Shunting for hydrocephalus |
Spinal or epidural anesthesia |
Lumbar puncture |
Myelography, radiculography |
Inflammatory lesions |
Vasculitis |
Sarcoidosis |
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
Infectious |
Lyme disease |
Syphilis |
Tuberculosis |
Cryptococcal and other meningitis |
Cysticercosis |
HIV-CMV encephalitis |
Neoplastic |
Abducens nerve tumor |
Leukemia |
Metastatic |
Trigeminal nerve tumor |