Ventricular dysfunction |
Structurally normal heart |
Cardiomyopathy |
Dilated |
Hypertrophic (rarely causes HF, except with so called "burnt-out" HCM) |
Restrictive |
Noncompaction |
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy |
Myocarditis |
Myocardial infarction/ischemia |
Anomalous left coronary artery arising off the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) |
Kawasaki disease with coronary artery aneurysm |
Coronary vasculitis |
Premature atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (very rare in children; may occur in patients with rare genetic lipid disorders [eg, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]) |
Arrhythmogenic |
Complete heart block with bradycardia |
Supraventricular tachycardia |
Ventricular tachycardia |
Drug/toxin exposure |
Anthracycline |
Noncardiac causes |
Sepsis |
Renal failure |
Respiratory disorders (eg, obstructive sleep apnea, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease) |
HIV infection |
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
Congenital heart disease |
Complex congenital heart defect with concurrent ventricular dysfunction |
Complex congenital heart defect, surgically corrected with late ventricular dysfunction ("burnt-out" congenital heart disease) |
Preserved ventricular contractility |
Volume overload |
Left-to-right shunting |
Ventricular septal defect |
Patent ductus arteriosus |
Atrial septal defect (rare) |
Aortopulmonary window |
Atrioventricular septal defect |
Single ventricle physiology with unobstructed pulmonary blood flow |
Valvular insufficiency |
Aortic regurgitation |
Mitral regurgitation |
Pulmonary regurgitation |
Noncardiac causes |
Arteriovenous malformation |
Fluid overload |
Pressure overload |
Left-sided |
Aortic stenosis |
Aortic coarctation |
Systemic hypertension |
Right-sided |
Pulmonary stenosis |
Pulmonary hypertension |
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