Congenital features associated with airway abnormalities

Features	Abnormalities*
Misshapen head	Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome
Maxillary hypolasia	Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome
Abnormal neck mobility	Down syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, mucopolysaccharidoses
Microstomia	Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome
Mandibular hypoplasia	Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Pierre-Robin sequence, Treacher-Collins syndrome, unilateral hypoplasia of the mandible (Goldenhar syndrome)
High arched or narrow palate	Achondroplasia, Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, de Lange syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Treacher-Collins syndrome
Cleft palate	Branchio-Oculo-Facial syndrome, Cleft lip sequence, Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting syndrome
Large or protuding tongue	Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Down syndrome, mucopolysaccharidoses, Pierre-Robin sequence
Neck masses	Cystic hygroma, hemangioma
Laryngeal or subglottic abnormalities	Laryngeal cystes or webs, subglottic stenosis

* Partial list of representative disorders.

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