Masaoka's clinical stage[1] | |||
Stage I: Macroscopically completely encapsulated and microscopically no capsular invasion | |||
Stage II: Macroscopic invasion into surrounding fatty tissue or mediastinal pleura, or microscopic invasion into capsule | |||
Stage III: Macroscopic invasion into neighboring organs (ie, pericardium, great vessels, or lung) | |||
Stage IVa: Pleural or pericardial dissemination | |||
Stage IVb: Lymphogenous or hematogenous metastasis | |||
Koga's proposed pathologic tumor extent of thymic epithelial tumors[2] | |||
Stage I: Grossly and microscopically completely encapsulated | |||
Stage II: Microscopic transcapsular invasion or macroscopic invasion into thymic or surrounding fatty tissue, or grossly adherent to but not breaking through mediastinal pleura or pericardium | |||
Stage III: Macroscopic invasion of neighboring organ (eg, pericardium, great vessels, or lung) | |||
Stage IVa: Pleural or pericardial dissemination | |||
Stage IVb: Lymphogenous or hematogenous metastasis | |||
Yamakawa-Masaoka TNM classification and staging[3] | |||
T factor: | |||
T1: Macroscopically completely encapsulated and microscopically no capsular invasion | |||
T2: Macroscopically adhesion or invasion into surrounding fatty tissue or mediastinal pleura, or microscopic invasion into capsule | |||
T3: Invasion into neighboring organs, such as pericardium, great vessels, and lung | |||
T4: Pleural or pericardial dissemination | |||
N factor: | |||
N0: No lymph node metastasis | |||
N1: Metastasis to anterior mediastinal lymph nodes | |||
N2: Metastasis to intrathoracic lymph nodes except anterior mediastinal lymph nodes | |||
N3: Metastasis to extrathoracic lymph nodes | |||
M factor: | |||
M0: No hematogenous metastasis | |||
M1: Hematogenous metastasis | |||
Stage: | |||
Stage I | T1 | N0 | M0 |
Stage II | T2 | N0 | M0 |
Stage III | T3 | N0 | M0 |
Stage IVa | T4 | N0 | M0 |
Stage IVb | Any T | N1, 2, 3 | M0 |
Any T | Any N | M1 |
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