Clinical risk factors for fracture independent of bone mineral density

Advancing age

Previous fracture

Glucocorticoid therapy

Parental history of hip fracture

Low body weight

Current cigarette smoking

Excessive alcohol consumption

Rheumatoid arthritis

Secondary osteoporosis (eg, hypogonadism or premature menopause, malabsorption, chronic liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease)

Data from: Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, et al. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16:581.

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