Root | Pain | Sensory loss | Weakness | Stretch reflex loss |
L1 | Inguinal region | Inguinal region | Rarely hip flexion | None |
L2-L3-L4 | Back, radiating into anterior thigh, and at times medial lower leg | Anterior thigh, occasionally medial lower leg | Hip flexion, hip adduction, knee extension | Patellar tendon |
L5 | Back, radiating into buttock, lateral thigh, lateral calf and dorsum foot, great toe | Lateral calf, dorsum foot, web space between first and second toe | Hip abduction, knee flexion, foot dorsiflexion, toe extension and flexion, foot inversion and eversion | Semitendinosus/semimembranosus (internal hamstrings) tendon |
S1 | Back, radiating into buttock, lateral or posterior thigh, posterior calf, lateral or plantar foot | Posterior calf, lateral or plantar aspect of foot | Hip extension, knee flexion, plantar flexion of the foot | Achilles tendon |
S2-S3-S4 | Sacral or buttock pain radiating into the posterior aspect of the leg or the perineum | Medial buttock, perineal, and perianal regions | Weakness may be minimal, with urinary and fecal incontinence as well as sexual dysfunction | Bulbocavernosus, anal wink |
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