Common radiographic appearances of pulmonary disorders in HIV patients

Chest radiograph or CT abnormality	Etiology by rate of disease progression	Etiology by rate of disease progression
Chest radiograph or CT abnormality	Acute <24 hours*	Chronic
Consolidation	Any organism (especially bacteria)	Fungi Nocardia spp, Actinomyces spp Mycobacteria Bronchoalveolar cancer Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
Diffuse interstitial infiltrate	Pneumocystis jirovecii Bacteria (especially Haemophilus influenzae) Virus (Influenza, CMV, SARS-CoV-2) Pulmonary edema Acute respiratory distress syndrome	Mycobacteria Drug toxicity Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia Metastatic disease Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Nodular infiltrate	Bacteria	Nocardia spp, Actinomyces spp Fungi Kaposi's sarcoma Other tumors (especially lung cancer) Castleman's Disease
Adenopathy		Lymphoma Kaposi's sarcoma Castleman's Disease Lung cancer Tuberculosis
Pleural effusion	Bacteria (parapneumonic) Tuberculosis Empyema	Lymphoma (especially non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and primary effusion lymphoma) Kaposi's sarcoma
Pneumothorax	P. jirovecii

CT: computed tomography; CMV: cytomegalovirus; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

* Some infections that are typically chronic may appear acutely with immune recovery/reconstitution.

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