Outpatients | Ward patients | Intensive care unit patients | ||||
Spain[1] | Canada[2] | Spain[1] | United States[3] | Spain[1] | United States[3] | |
Total patients evaluated | 514 | 507 | 2521 | 585 | 488 | 145 |
Patients in whom a pathogen was identified | 161 (31.3) | 244 (48.1) | 1042 (41) | 120 (21) | 260 (53) | 57 (39) |
Patients in whom no pathogen was identified | 353 (68.7) | 263 (51.9) | 1479 (59) | 465 (79) | 228 (47) | 88 (61) |
Pathogen¶ | ||||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 56 (10.9) | 30 (5.9) | 447 (17.7) | 38 (6.5) | 110 (22.5) | 22 (15.2) |
Other Streptococcus spp | 0 | 5 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Haemophilus influenzae | 8 (1.6) | 25 (4.9) | 54 (2.1) | 16 (2.7) | 8 (1.6) | 3 (2.1) |
Haemophilus parainfluenzae | 0 | 10 (2.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Moraxella catarrhalis | 0 | 6 (1.2) | 4 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 0 |
Legionella pneumophila | 10 (1.9) | Δ | 87 (3.5) | ◊ | 21 (4.3) | ◊ |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 27 (5.3)§ | 87 (17.2)§ | 32 (1.3)§ | ¥ | 6 (1.2)§ | ¥ |
Chlamydia pneumoniae | 10 (1.9)§ | 72 (14.2)§ | 32 (1.3)§ | ¥ | 8 (1.6)§ | ¥ |
Coxiella burnetii | 11 (2.1)§ | Δ | 17 (0.7)§ | ¥ | 2 (0.4)§ | ¥ |
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 (0.2) | 6 (1.2) | 18 (0.7) | 25 (4.3) | 6 (1.2) | 12 (8.3) |
MSSA | 1 (0.2) | NR | 9 (0.4) | 18 (3.1) | 4 (0.8) | 9 (6.2) |
MRSA | 0 | NR | 9 (0.4) | 7 (1.2) | 2 (0.4) | 3 (2.1) |
Gram-negative enteric bacilli | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 23 (0.9) | 15 (2.6) | 3 (0.6) | 4 (2.8) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 37 (1.5) | 12 (2.1) | 12 (2.5) | 8 (5.5) |
Respiratory viruses‡ | 15 (2.9)§ | † | 123 (4.9)§ | † | 10 (2.0)§ | † |
Other pathogen | 6 (1.2) | 14 (2.8) | 33 (1.3) | 8 (1.4) | 15 (3.1) | 3 (2.1) |
>1 pathogen | 15 (2.9) | ** | 135 (5.4) | 6 (1.0) | 58 (11.9) | 7 (4.8) |
Diagnostic methods | ||||||
Cultures (sputum, blood, transthoracic needle aspirate, transbronchial aspirates, BAL fluid, protected specimen brush respiratory samples, pleural fluid), serologic testing (for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, C. burnetti, influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus), urinary antigen testing (for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila), immunofluorescence assay plus virus isolation or reverse transcriptase PCR for influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus | Cultures (sputum, blood), serologic testing (for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae) | Cultures (sputum, blood, transthoracic needle aspirate, transbronchial aspirates, BAL fluid, protected specimen brush respiratory samples, pleural fluid), serologic testing (for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, C. burnetti, influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus), urinary antigen testing (for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila), immunofluorescence assay plus virus isolation or reverse transcriptase PCR for influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus | Cultures (blood, endotracheal aspirates, protected specimen brush respiratory samples, BAL fluid, pleural fluid), urinary antigen (for L. pneumophila) | Cultures (sputum, blood, transthoracic needle aspirate, transbronchial aspirates, BAL fluid, protected specimen brush respiratory samples, pleural fluid), serologic testing (for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, C. burnetti, influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus), urinary antigen testing (for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila), immunofluorescence assay plus virus isolation or reverse transcriptase PCR for influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus | Cultures (blood, endotracheal aspirates, protected specimen brush respiratory samples, BAL fluid, pleural fluid), urinary antigen testing (for L. pneumophila) |
Do you want to add Medilib to your home screen?