Abnormal auscultatory findings in patients with prosthetic heart valves

	Aortic valve	Mitral valve
Caged-ball (Starr-Edwards)	Aortic diastolic murmur	Low frequency apical diastolic murmur
Caged-ball (Starr-Edwards)	Decreased intensity of opening or closing click	High frequency holosystolic murmur
Single-tilting-disk (Bjork-Shiley or Medtronic-Hall)	Decreased intensity of closing click	High frequency holosystolic murmur
Single-tilting-disk (Bjork-Shiley or Medtronic-Hall)	Decreased intensity of closing click	Decreased intensity of closing click
Bileaflet-tilting-disk (St. Jude Medical)	Aortic diastolic murmur	High frequency holosystolic murmur
Bileaflet-tilting-disk (St. Jude Medical)	Decreased intensity of closing click	Decreased intensity of closing click
Heterograft bioprosthesis (Hancock or Carpentier-Edwards)	Aortic diastolic murmur	High frequency holosystolic murmur

Abnl_findings_prosthetic_va.htm

Adapted from Vongpatanasin, W, Hillis, LD, Lange, RA, N Engl J Med 1996; 335:407.

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