- Toxic fume inhalation (eg, silo fillers, welders, mustard gas)
- Mineral dusts
- Irritant gases (eg, chlorine, ammonia, paraquat)
- Volatile flavoring agents (popcorn factory)
- Electronic cigarettes ("vaping" or "dabbing")
- Free-base cocaine
| - Organ transplantation
- Bone marrow
- Heart-lung
- Lung
- Rheumatic disease
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Sjögren syndrome
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Polymyositis/dermatomyositis
- Rare associations
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Ataxia telangiectasia
- Lysinuric protein intolerance
- Malignant histiocytosis
- Paraneoplastic pemphigus
- Primary biliary cholangitis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Vasculitis, especially granulomatosis with polyangiitis
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