Immunomodulatory factor | Source | Critical functions | US FDA-approved uses for clinical disease | Targeted agents | Diseases treated |
Cytokines | |||||
IL-1 | Macrophages Many cells |
| None reported | Anti-IL-1 beta:
| Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS)
Deficiency of IL-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA) Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) Hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome (HIDS)/mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Rheumatoid arthritis Bronchiolitis obliterans |
IL-2 | T cells |
| Aldesleukin (IV):
| Anti-IL-2 receptor alpha subunit:
| Renal transplant (prophylaxis from graft rejection) |
Anti-CD25 (high-affinity IL-2 receptor):
| Multiple sclerosis | ||||
IL-4 | T cells |
| None reported | Anti-IL-4R alpha (block IL-4 and IL-13 signaling):
| Eczema Asthma |
IL-5 | T cells |
| None reported | Reslizumab (IV) Mepolizumab (SC) Benralizumab (SC) | Eosinophilic asthma Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
IL-6 | Many cells |
| None reported | Siltuximab (IV) Anti-IL-6 receptor:
| Castleman disease Cytokine release syndrome Giant cell arteritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) |
IL-12 | Macrophages |
| None reported | Anti-IL-12/IL-23:
| Crohn disease Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis |
IL-13 | T cells |
| None reported | Anti-IL-4 receptor alpha (block IL-4 and IL-13 signaling):
| Eczema Asthma |
IL-15 | T cells Macrophages |
| None reported | None reported | None reported |
IL-17 | T cells Innate lymphoid cells |
| None reported | Ixekizumab (SC) Secukinumab (SC) Anti-IL-17 receptor alpha:
| Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis |
IL-23 | Dendritic cells Macrophages |
| None reported | Tildrakizumab (SC) Guselkumab (SC) Anti-IL-12/IL-23:
| Crohn disease Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis |
TNF-alpha | T cells Macrophages |
| None reported | Infliximab (IV) Etanercept (SC) Certolizumab (SC) Golimumab (SC) Adalimumab (SC) | Crohn disease Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis Ankylosing spondylitis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Hidradenitis suppurativa Uveitis |
IFN-gamma | T cells |
| IFN-gamma 1b (SC):
| None reported | None reported |
Colony-stimulating factors | |||||
GM-CSF | Macrophages Fibroblasts T cells |
| Sargramostim (IV)
| None reported | None reported |
G-CSF | Macrophages |
| Filgrastim (SC), pegfilgrastim (SC), and tbo-filgrastim (SC):
| None reported | None reported |
M-CSF | Macrophages |
| None reported | None reported | None reported |
Chemokines | |||||
C-X-C family | Many cells |
| None reported | Anti-CXCR4 (SC) | Peripheral stem cell mobilization |
C-C family | Many cells |
| None reported | None reported | None reported |
Growth factors | |||||
TGF-beta | Many cells |
| Pirfenidone (oral) | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | |
FGF, VEGF | Many cells |
| Anti-VEGF:
| Cervical cancer Glioblastoma Ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer Soft-tissue sarcoma Renal cell carcinoma Medullary thyroid cancer Gastrointestinal stromal tumor Advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor Hepatocellular carcinoma Colorectal cancer (metastatic) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Gastric cancer (advanced/metastatic) Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | |
PDGF | Many cells |
| Anti-PDGF receptor alpha:
| Soft-tissue sarcoma Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Aggressive systemic mastocytosis Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Myelodysplastic syndrome Hypereosinophilic syndrome Gastrointestinal stromal tumor Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans |
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