Inadequate nutrient intake | Inappropriate feeding technique | Disturbed caregiver/child relationship | Economic deprivation | Inappropriate nutrient intake (eg, excess fruit juice consumption, factitious food allergy, inappropriate preparation of formula, inadequate quantity of food, inappropriate food for age, neglect, food fads) | Inappropriate parental knowledge of appropriate diet for infants and toddlers | Insufficient lactation in mother | Picky eater | Gastroesophageal reflux | Psychosocial problems | Maternal/infant dysfunction | Mechanical problems (cleft palate, nasal obstruction, adenoidal hypertrophy, dental lesions) | Sucking or swallowing dysfunction (CNS, neuromuscular, esophageal motility problems) or chewing difficulty | Inadequate appetite or inability to eat large amounts | Oral aversion/problem with certain textures | Psychosocial problems – apathy or rumination | Cardiopulmonary disease | Hypotonia, muscle weakness, or hypertonia | Anorexia of chronic infection or immune deficiency | Cerebral palsy | CNS pathology (eg, tumor, hydrocephalus) | Genetic syndromes | Anemia (eg, iron deficiency) | Chronic constipation | Gastrointestinal disorder (eg, pain from gastroesophageal reflux, intestinal tract obstruction) | Craniofacial anomalies (eg, cleft lip and palate, micrognathia) | | Inadequate nutrient absorption or increased losses | Malabsorption (lactose intolerance, cystic fibrosis, cardiac disease, malrotation, IBD, milk allergy, parasites, celiac disease) | Biliary atresia, cirrhosis | Vomiting or "spitting up" (related to infectious gastroenteritis, increased intracranial pressure, adrenal insufficiency, or drugs [eg, purposeful administration of syrup of ipecac]) | Intestinal tract obstruction (pyloric stenosis, hernia, malrotation, intussusception) | Infectious diarrhea | Necrotizing enterocolitis or short bowel syndrome | Increased nutrient requirements or ineffective metabolic utilization | Hyperthyroidism | Malignancy (including brain tumors such as diencephalic syndrome) | Chronic IBD | Chronic systemic disease (juvenile idiopathic arthritis) | Chronic or recurrent systemic infection (urinary tract infection, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis) | Chronic metabolic problems (hypercalcemia, storage diseases, and inborn errors of metabolism, such as galactosemia, methylmalonic acidemia, diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency) | Chronic respiratory insufficiency (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis) | Congenital or acquired heart disease | |