| Involuntary weight loss with increased appetite |
| Hyperthyroidism |
| Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| Malabsorption syndromes |
| Marked increase in physical activity |
| Involuntary weight loss with decreased appetite |
Medical disorders: - Malignancy (particularly gastrointestinal, lung, lymphoma, kidney, and prostate cancers)
- Gastrointestinal diseases (including peptic ulcer disease, malabsorption, diabetic enteropathy, dysphagia, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, Zenker diverticulum, and paraesophageal hernia)
- Endocrine diseases (including hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and adrenal insufficiency)
- Infectious diseases (including HIV, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, chronic fungal or bacterial disease, chronic helminth infection, and lung abscess)
- Severe heart, lung, or kidney disease (including cardiac cachexia from heart failure, pulmonary cachexia from severe obstructive or restrictive lung disease, kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome, and chronic glomerulonephritis)
- Neurologic diseases (including stroke, dementia, dysphagia, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
- Noninfectious chronic inflammatory diseases (including sarcoidosis, severe rheumatoid arthritis, and giant cell vasculitis)
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Psychiatric disorders: - Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
- Unipolar or bipolar depression
- Food-related delusions
|
Drugs: - Alcohol
- Opiates
- Amphetamines and cocaine
- Drug withdrawal syndromes (withdrawal after chronic high-dose psychotropic medications or cannabis)
- Adverse effects of prescription drugs (including topiramate, zonisamide, SSRIs, levodopa, digoxin, metformin, exenatide, liraglutide, NSAIDs, and anticancer and antiretroviral drugs)
- Herbal and other nonprescription drugs (including 5-hydroxytryptophan, aloe, caffeine, cascara, chitosan, chromium, dandelion, ephedra, garcinia, glucomannan, guarana, guar gum, herbal diuretics, nicotine, pyruvate, and St. John's wort)
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| Voluntary weight loss |
Drugs: - Prescription drugs used for treating obesity (including rimonabant, orlistat, phentermine, sibutramine, metformin, and bupropion)
- Prescription drugs occasionally abused for weight loss effects (including amphetamines and derivatives, and thyroid hormone)
- Herbal and other nonprescription drugs (including 5-hydroxytryptophan, aloe, caffeine, cascara, chitosan, chromium, dandelion, ephedra, garcinia, glucomannan, guarana, guar gum, herbal diuretics, nicotine, pyruvate, and St. John's wort)
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| Dieting |
| Chronic vigorous exercise, usually combined with dieting (eg, distance runners, ballet dancers, and gymnasts) |
