Acquired |
Vessel injury* |
Traumatic |
Iatrogenic |
Femoral catheterization |
Post-surgical |
Following biopsy |
Hemodialysis vascular access |
Lumbar spine surgery (leading to aortocaval or iliocaval fistula) |
Infection |
Malignancy |
Congenital |
Patent ductus arteriosus |
Pulmonary AV fistula (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome) |
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome |
Central nervous system or vertebral fistulas |
Angiomas |
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