- Acute bleeding (eg, hemorrhagic shock, massive hemoptysis)
- Multiple fractures or trauma (eg, unstable fractures of femur, pelvis, face)
- Spinal instability
- Raised intracranial pressure >30 mmHg or cerebral perfusion pressure <60 mmHg
- Tracheal surgery or sternotomy within 2 weeks
| - Nerve compression (eg, brachial plexus injury)
- Crush injury
- Venous stasis (eg, facial edema)
- Dislodging endotracheal tube
- Diaphragm limitation
- Pressure sores (eg, facial)
- Dislodging vascular catheters or drainage tubes
- Retinal damage
- Transient reduction in arterial oxygen saturation
- Vomiting
- Transient arrhythmias
|