Trauma |
Hemopericardium with tamponade* |
Blunt cardiac injury |
Myocardial contusion |
Traumatic aneurysm |
Traumatic septal defect |
Chamber rupture |
Valvular rupture |
Tension pneumothorax* |
Tension pneumopericardium* |
Congenital heart disease |
Critical aortic stenosis* |
Critical coarctation of the aorta* |
Mitral stenosis* |
Mitral atresia* |
Interrupted aortic arch* |
Hypoplastic left heart* |
Pulmonary hypotension |
Severe heart failure secondary to congenital heart disease |
Postoperative cardiac surgery |
Dysrhythmias |
Supraventricular tachycardia |
Ventricular tachycardia |
Atrioventricular block |
Junctional ectopic tachycardia |
Bradycardia |
Massive pulmonary embolus* |
Drug toxicity |
Beta blockers |
Barbiturates |
Chemotherapeutic agents |
Calcium channel blockers |
Radiation |