Trauma |
Clavicular fracture* |
Epidural hematoma of the cervical spine¶ |
Fracture of the cervical spine¶ |
Muscular contusion or neck spasm* |
SCIWORA syndrome¶ |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage¶ |
Subluxation of the cervical spine¶ |
Infectious or inflammatory |
Bacterial meningitis¶ |
Branchial cleft or thyroglossal duct cyst abscess |
Cervical lymphadenitis* |
Collagen vascular disease (eg, systemic JIA, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis) |
Infections of the spine – Vertebral osteomyelitis, infectious discitis, epidural abscess¶ |
Intervertebral disc calcification |
Kawasaki disease with cervical lymphadenopathy |
Lyme meningitis |
Muscle strain* |
Otitis media and mastoiditis |
Pharyngitis or tonsillitis* |
Retropharyngeal abscess¶ |
Rotary atlantoaxial subluxation as a result of local inflammation or procedure (Grisel syndrome) |
Upper lobe pneumonia |
Viral meningitis* |
Viral myositis |
Tumors, other space-occupying and vascular lesions of the central nervous system |
Brain tumor¶ |
Other space-occupying lesions of the spinal cord (neurenteric cyst, arteriovenous malformation, syringomyelia)¶ |
Other tumors of the head and neck (osteoid osteoma, eosinophilic granuloma, orbital tumor, acoustic neuroma, osteoblastoma, metastatic tumor to the spine, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, bone cyst)¶ |
Spinal cord tumor¶ |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (aneurysm rupture-congenital, sickle cell disease)¶ |
Congenital conditions |
Atlantoaxial instability secondary to congenital conditions (Down syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, os odontoideum, Morquio syndrome) |
Benign paroxysmal torticollis |
Congenital muscular torticollis* |
Skeletal malformations (Klippel-Feil syndrome, Sprengel deformity, hemiatlas, basilar impression, occipitocervical synostosis) |
Miscellaneous |
Dystonic reaction |
Guillain-Barre syndrome |
Myasthenia gravis |
Ophthalmologic, neurologic, and/or vestibular causes (strabismus, cranial nerve palsies, extraocular muscle palsies, refractive errors, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, migraine headaches) |
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension |
Psychogenic |
Sandifer syndrome |
Spasmus nutans |
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum |
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