Constitution/whole body |
Cachexia and low body mass index |
Arrested growth |
Hypothermia |
Cardiovascular |
Myocardial atrophy |
Mitral valve prolapse |
Pericardial effusion |
Bradycardia |
Arrhythmia, which may cause sudden death |
Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes |
Increased PR interval |
First-degree heart block |
ST-T wave abnormalities |
Hypotension |
Acrocyanosis |
Gynecologic and reproductive |
Amenorrhea |
Unplanned pregnancy and neonatal complications |
Endocrine |
Osteoporosis and pathologic stress fractures |
Euthyroid sick syndrome |
Hypercortisolemia |
Hypoglycemia |
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus |
Poor diabetes control |
Gastrointestinal |
Gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying) |
Constipation |
Gastric dilatation |
Increased colonic transit time |
Hepatitis |
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome |
Diarrhea |
Renal and electrolytes |
Decreased glomerular filtration rate |
Renal calculi |
Impaired concentration of urine |
Dehydration |
Hypokalemia |
Hypomagnesemia |
Hypovolemic nephropathy |
Pulmonary |
Pulmonary muscle wasting |
Decreased pulmonary capacity |
Respiratory failure |
Spontaneous pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum |
Enlargement of peripheral lung units without alveolar septa destruction |
Hematologic |
Anemia (normocytic, microcytic, or macrocytic) |
Leukopenia |
Thrombycytopenia |
Neurologic |
Cerebral atrophy (decreased gray and white matter) |
Enlarged ventricles |
Cognitive impairment |
Peripheral neuropathy |
Seizures |
Dermatologic |
Xerosis (dry skin) |
Lanugo hair (fine, downy, dark hair) |
Telogen effluvium (hair loss) |
Carotenoderma (yellowing) |
Scars from self-injurious behavior (cuts and burns) |
Muscular |
Muscle wasting |
Vitamin deficiencies |
Refeeding syndrome |
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