Parathyroid mediated |
Primary hyperparathyroidism (sporadic) |
Inherited variants |
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes |
Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism |
Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome |
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia |
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (kidney failure) |
Non-parathyroid mediated |
Hypercalcemia of malignancy |
Secretion of PTHrP |
Increased calcitriol (activation of extrarenal 1-alpha-hydroxylase) |
Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines |
Vitamin D intoxication |
Chronic granulomatous disorders or other illnesses characterized by granuloma formation |
Increased calcitriol (activation of extrarenal 1-alpha-hydroxylase) |
Medications |
Thiazide diuretics |
Lithium |
Teriparatide |
Abaloparatide |
Excessive vitamin A |
Theophylline toxicity |
Miscellaneous |
Hyperthyroidism |
Acromegaly |
Pheochromocytoma |
Adrenal insufficiency |
Immobilization |
Parenteral nutrition |
Milk-alkali syndrome |
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