Clinical disorders |
Chronic kidney disease of any form |
Lead nephropathy (saturnine gout) |
Effective volume depletion (eg, fluid losses, heart failure) |
Diabetic or starvation ketoacidosis |
Lactic acidosis |
Preeclampsia |
Obesity and high circulating insulin |
Rare monogenic disorders causing decreased uric acid clearance |
Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease caused by UMOD pathogenic variants |
Glomerulocystic kidney disease |
Common variants in genes encoding transporters that regulate renal or gut uric acid clearance (numerous; genes with largest reported effect are shown), not currently tested in clinical practice |
SLC2A9 |
ABCG2 |
SLC17A1 |
SLC22A11 |
PDZK1 |
SLC16A9 |
SLC22A12 |
Drug- or diet-induced decreased uric acid clearance |
Diuretics (thiazides and loop diuretics) |
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus |
Low-dose salicylates |
Ethambutol |
Pyrazinamide |
Ethanol |
Levodopa |
Laxative abuse (alkalosis) |
Salt restriction |
Nicotinic acid |
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