Version October 2024
| Abnormalities of DNA metabolism |
| Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency |
| Folate deficiency |
| Drugs |
| Antiretroviral therapies for HIV infection (eg, zidovudine) |
| Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine |
| Capecitabine |
| Cladribine |
| Cytosine arabinoside |
| Hydroxyurea |
| Imatinib, sunitinib |
| Methotrexate |
| Shift to immature or stressed red cells |
| Reticulocytosis |
| Action of erythropoietin - skip macrocytes, stress erythrocytosis |
| Aplastic anemia/Fanconi anemia |
| Pure red cell aplasia |
| Primary bone marrow disorders |
| Myelodysplastic syndromes |
| Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias |
| Some sideroblastic anemias |
| Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia |
| Lipid abnormalities |
| Liver disease |
| Hypothyroidism |
| Mechanism unknown |
| Alcohol abuse |
| Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders |
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