M. streptocera | M. ozzardi | M. perstans | |
Geographic distribution | Western and Central Africa | Central and South America, Caribbean | Sub-Saharan and North Africa, South America |
Transmission | Transmitted via bite of infected Culicoides species (midge) | Transmitted via bite of infected Culicoides species (midge) or by Simulium amazonicum (black fly) | Transmitted via bite of infected Culicoides species (various species) |
Clinical features | Usually asymptomatic but can cause chronic papulonodular dermatitis, pruritis, pigmentation changes, dermal thickening, and lymphadenopathy. May be difficult to distinguish from onchocerciasis. | Usually asymptomatic but can be associated with urticaria, pruritic rash, edema, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fever, headache, vertigo, or pulmonary symptoms. | Usually asymptomatic but can cause transient angioedema, urticaria, and pruritus and may be difficult to distinguish from loiasis. Other manifestations include headache, arthralgias, pericarditis, pleuritis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, and ocular symptoms. |
Site of adult parasites | Dermal layers of the trunk and upper shoulder girdle | Lymphatics and thoracic and peritoneal cavities | Pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities; mesenteric, perirenal, and retroperitoneal tissues |
Site of microfilariae | Skin | Blood and skin | Blood |
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