| I. Symmetrical, nonstructural |
| Toxins |
- Lead
- Thallium
- Mushrooms
- Cyanide
| - Methanol
- Ethylene glycol
- Carbon monoxide
|
| Drugs |
- Sedatives
- Barbiturates*
- Other hypnotics
- Tranquilizers
- Bromides
| - Alcohol
- Opiates
- Paraldehyde
- Salicylate
- Psychotropics
| - Anticholinergics
- Amphetamines
- Lithium
- Phencyclidine
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
|
| Metabolic |
- Hypoxia
- Hypercapnia
- Hypernatremia*
- Hypoglycemia*
- Hyperglycemic nonketotic coma
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Lactic acidosis
| - Hypercalcemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Hypermagnesemia
- Hyperthermia
- Hypothermia
- Reye syndrome
- Aminoacidemia
| - Wernicke encephalopathy
- Porphyria
- Hepatic encephalopathy*
- Uremia
- Dialysis encephalopathy
- Addisonian crisis
- Hypothyroidism
|
| Infections |
- Bacterial meningitis
- Viral encephalitis
- Postinfectious encephalomyelitis
- Syphilis
| - Sepsis
- Typhoid fever
- Malaria
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
|
| Psychiatric |
| |
| Other |
- Postictal seizure*
- Diffuse ischemia (myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmia)
- Hypotension
- Fat embolism*
- Hypertensive encephalopathy
| - Hypothyroidism
- Nonconvulsive status epilepticus
- Heat stroke
- Autoimmune encephalitis
|
| II. Symmetrical, structural |
| Supratentorial |
- Bilateral internal carotid occlusion
- Bilateral anterior cerebral artery occlusion
- Sagittal sinus thrombosis
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
| - Thalamic hemorrhage*
- Trauma-contusion, concussion*
- Hydrocephalus
|
| Infratentorial |
- Basilar occlusion*
- Midline brainstem tumor
- Pontine hemorrhage*
- Central pontine myelinolysis
|
| III. Asymmetrical, structural |
| Supratentorial |
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura¶
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (marantic endocarditis)
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- Fat emboli
- Unilateral hemispheric mass (tumor, abscess, bleed) with herniation
- Subdural hemorrhage bilateral
| - Intracerebral bleed
- Pituitary apoplexy¶
- Massive or bilateral supratentorial infarction
- Multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- Adrenal leukodystrophy
- Cerebral vasculitis
| - Cerebral abscess
- Subdural empyema
- Thrombophlebitis¶
- Multiple sclerosis
- Leukoencephalopathy associated with chemotherapy
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
|
| Infratentorial |
- Brainstem infarction
- Brainstem hemorrhage
- Brainstem thrombencephalitis
|
