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Etiologies of nasal septal perforation

Etiologies of nasal septal perforation
Infectious diseases
  • Tuberculosis
  • Syphilis
  • Leprosy (lepromatous type)
  • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Medication/medical therapy related
  • Bevacizumab
  • Complication of septal surgery or cautery for epistaxis
  • Intranasal glucocorticoid sprays (incorrect use)
Rheumatologic diseases
  • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
  • Mixed connective tissue disease
  • Progressive systemic sclerosis
  • Psoriatic arthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
Other
  • Atrophic rhinitis (primary)
  • Foreign body
  • Head and neck tumors
  • Industrial exposure to metal plating solutions (chrome)
  • Intranasal cocaine use (both cocaine and adulterants, such as borax or talcum powder)
  • Piercings
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