Cardiac |
- Arrhythmias (tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, and ectopic beats) due to:
- Structural heart disease
- Underlying conduction system abnormality
- Medical comorbidity (eg, COPD, pulmonary embolism)
- Idiopathic
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Pacemaker syndrome
- Atrial myxoma
- Intra-cardiac shunt
|
High output states |
- Normal pregnancy
- Anemia
- Paget disease of bone
- Fever
|
Metabolic and endocrine |
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Pheochromocytoma
|
Catecholamine excess |
|
Substance use |
- Cocaine
- Caffeine
- Alcohol
- Amphetamines
- Nicotine
|
Medications |
- Sympathomimetic agents
- Vasodilators
- Anticholinergics
- Beta blocker withdrawal
|
Psychiatric disorders |
- Generalized anxiety
- Panic disorder
- Somatization disorder
|