Version October 2024
| I. Low CVP |
| A. Hypovolemia |
| 1. Hemorrhage |
| a. External (compressible) |
| i. Lacerations |
| ii. Contusions |
| iii. Fractures (partly compressible) |
| b. Internal (noncompressible) |
| i. Intrathoracic |
| ii. Intraperitoneal |
| iii. Retroperitoneal (partly compressible) |
| c. Fractures (partly compressible) |
| 2. Third spacing (eg, burns) |
| B. Neurogenic (high cervical cord injury) |
| II. High CVP |
| A. Pericardial tamponade |
| B. Tension pneumothorax |
| C. Myocardial contusion |
| III. Other diagnoses to consider |
| A. Pharmacologic or toxicologic agents |
| B. Myocardial infarction (severe) |
| C. Diaphragmatic rupture with herniation |
| D. Fat or air embolism |
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