United States[1] | United Kingdom[2] | Spain[3] | Sweden[4] | Asia[5] | |
Total patients evaluated | 2259 | 323 | 3524 | 184 | 955 |
Patients in whom a pathogen was identified | 853 (37.8) | 280 (86.7) | 1463 (41.5) | 124 (67.4)¶ | 428 (44.8) |
Patients in whom no pathogen was identified | 1406 (62.2) | 43 (13.3) | 2061 (58.5) | 60 (32.6) | 527 (55.2) |
PathogenΔ | |||||
Bacteria | |||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 115 (5.1) | 115 (35.6) | 613 (17.4) | 70 (38) | 114 (11.9) |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0 | 13 (4.0) | 0 | 0 | 60 (6.3) |
Haemophilus influenzae | 13 (0.6) | 130 (40.2) | 70 (2) | 9 (4.9) | 59 (6.2) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 8 (0.3) | 9 (2.8) | 50 (1.4) | 0 | 26 (2.7) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 37 (1.6) | 33 (10.2) | 25 (0.7) | 4 (2.2) | 19 (2) |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 8 (0.3) | 0 | 2 (1.1) | 13 (1.4) | |
Moraxella catarrhalis | 0 | 44 (13.6) | 5 (0.1) | 7 (3.8) | 12 (1.3) |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 43 (1.9) | 6 (1.9) | 65 (1.8)◊ | 15 (8.2)◊ | 61/556 (11)◊ |
Chlamydia pneumoniae | 9 (0.4) | 0 | 50 (1.4)◊ | 0◊ | 55/411 (13.4)◊ |
Chlamydia psittaci | 2 (0.6) | ||||
Legionella pneumophila | 32 (1.4) | 3 (0.9) | 118 (3.3)◊ | 3 (1.6) | 7/648 (1.1) |
Non-pneumophila Legionella spp | 3 (0.9) | ||||
Coxiella burnetii | 0 | 0 | 30 (0.8)◊ | 0 | 0 |
Gram-negative enteric bacilli | 31 (1.4) | 37 (11.5) | 27 (0.8) | 0 | 0 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 0 | 3 (0.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Viruses | § | ||||
Respiratory viruses¥ | 148 (4.2)◊ | ||||
Influenza viruses | 132 (5.8) | 23 (7.1) | 14 (7.6)◊ | ||
Rhinovirus | 194 (8.6) | 41 (12.7) | 12 (6.5) | ||
Respiratory syncytial virus | 68 (3.0) | 4 (1.2) | 7 (3.8)◊ | ||
Parainfluenza viruses | 67 (3.0) | 11 (3.4) | 7 (3.8)◊ | ||
Coronaviruses | 53 (2.3) | 9 (2.8) | 4 (2.2) | ||
Human metapneumovirus | 88 (3.9) | 3 (0.9) | 4 (2.2) | ||
Adenovirus | 32 (1.4) | 7 (2.2) | 3 (1.6)◊ | ||
Other pathogen | 36 (1.6) | 54 (1.5) | 5 (2.7) | 77 (8) | |
Polymicrobial (>1 pathogen identified) | 115 (5.1) | ‡ | 208 (5.9)◊ | 46 (25)◊ | 60 (6.3)◊ |
Diagnostic methods | |||||
Cultures (blood, endotracheal aspirates, quantitative BAL fluid specimens, pleural fluid), PCR from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs (for adenovirus; C. pneumoniae; coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43; human metapneumovirus; rhinovirus; influenza A and B; M. pneumoniae; parainfluenza viruses 1-3; respiratory syncytial virus), real-time PCR from sputum (for L. pneumophila), PCR from pleural fluid (for Enterobacteriaceae, H. influenzae, Pseudomonas, S. aureus, S. anginosus, S. mitis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes), urinary antigen testing (for L. pneumophila and S. pneumoniae), serologic testing (for adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus) | Fast multiplex real-time PCR of lower respiratory tract specimens (for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, L. pneumophila, non-pneumophila Legionella spp, influenza A, influenza B, RSV, parainfluenza viruses 1-3, adenovirus, human coronaviruses [229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43], human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus)† | Cultures (sputum, blood, transthoracic needle aspirate, transbronchial aspirates, BAL fluid, protected specimen brush respiratory samples, pleural fluid), serologic testing (for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, C. burnetti, influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus), urinary antigen testing (for S. pneumoniae or L. pneumophila), immunofluorescence assay plus virus isolation or reverse transcriptase PCR for influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus | Cultures (sputum, blood, nasopharyngeal secretions), real-time PCR on sputum (for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis), PCR from nasopharyngeal secretions (for M. pneumoniae), serologic testing (for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus), urinary antigen testing (for S. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila), virus isolation and real-time PCR (for influenza A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus) on nasopharyngeal secretions | Cultures (sputum, blood, BAL fluid, pleural fluid, transthoracic needle aspiration), serologic testing (for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae), urinary antigen testing (for L. pneumophila) | |
Site of care | |||||
Inpatient | Inpatient | 1302 inpatient, 161 outpatient | Inpatient | 593 inpatient, 362 outpatient |
Do you want to add Medilib to your home screen?