Carcinoid symptoms and their putative mediators

Organ	Symptom	Frequency (%)	Putative mediator
Skin	Flushing	85	Kinins, histamine, kallikreins, other
	Telangiectasia	25
	Cyanosis	18
	Pellagra	7	Excess tryptophan metabolism
Gastrointestinal tract	Diarrhea and cramping	75 to 85	Serotonin
Heart	Valvular lesions		Serotonin
	Right heart	40
	Left heart	13
Respiratory tract	Bronchoconstriction	19	Unknown

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