Physiologic and pathophysiologic |
Increased vagal tone |
Progressive cardiac conduction system disease |
With fibrosis and/or sclerosis (Lenegre disease) |
With calcification (Lev disease) |
Ischemic heart disease, including acute myocardial infarction |
Cardiomyopathy |
Infiltrative processes (eg, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, malignancy, etc) |
Other non-ischemic cardiomyopathies (eg, idiopathic, infectious, etc) |
Infections (eg, viral myocarditis, Lyme carditis) |
Congenital AV block |
Related to structural congenital heart disease |
As part of neonatal lupus syndrome |
Other |
Hyperkalemia, severe hypo- or hyperthyroidism, trauma, degenerative neuromuscular diseases |
Iatrogenic |
Drugs |
Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, adenosine, antiarrhythmic drugs |
Cardiac surgery |
Post valvular surgery, post surgical correction of congenital heart disease |
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation |
Catheter ablation of arrhythmias |
Transcatheter closure of VSD |
Alcohol septal ablation for HCM |
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