Patient |
Age |
Nutritional status |
Diabetes |
Smoking |
Obesity |
Coexistent infections at a remote body site |
Colonization with microorganisms |
Altered immune response |
Length of preoperative stay |
Operation |
Duration of surgical scrub |
Skin antisepsis |
Preoperative shaving |
Preoperative skin prep |
Duration of operation |
Antimicrobial prophylaxis |
Operating room ventilation |
Inadequate sterilization of instruments |
Foreign material in the surgical site |
Surgical drains |
Surgical technique |
- Poor hemostasis |
- Failure to obliterate dead space |
- Tissue trauma |
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