Respiratory tract |
Infection |
Uvulitis |
Epiglottitis* |
Retropharyngeal abscess |
Peritonsillar abscess |
Croup |
Tracheitis |
Bronchiolitis |
Pneumonia¶ |
Asthma |
Anaphylaxis* |
Foreign body (upper airway*, lower airway, esophagus) |
Airway anomalies (eg, laryngomalacia, laryngospasm, tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheal stenosis, tracheal ring or sling) |
Biologic or chemical weapons* (eg, anthrax, tularemia, phosgene, nitrogen mustard, nerve agents, ricin) |
Chest wall trauma or abnormalities (eg, flail chest*, open pneumothorax*, thoracic dystrophy) |
Thoracic cavity trauma or conditions (eg, pneumothorax*, hemothorax*, pleural effusion, empyema, mediastinal mass) |
Pulmonary trauma or conditions (contusion, embolism, hemorrhage) |
Smoke inhalation* |
Chemical agent exposures* (eg, phosgene, chlorine, cyanide) |
Submersion injury (near-drowning)* |
Cardiovascular |
Congenital heart disease* |
Acute decompensated heart failure* |
Myocarditis* |
Pericarditis |
Arrhythmia* |
Shock* |
Cardiac tamponade* |
Myocardial infarction* |
Nervous system |
Depressed ventilation* (eg, ingestion, CNS trauma, seizures, or CNS infection) |
Hypotonia* (conditions causing poor airway or respiratory muscle tone and ineffective respiratory effort) |
Pulmonary aspiration due to loss of airway protective reflexes |
Gastrointestinal |
Hypoventilation due to abdominal pain or distention (eg, intraabdominal trauma, small bowel obstruction, bowel perforation) |
Gastroesophageal reflux with pulmonary aspiration |
Metabolic and endocrine diseases |
Metabolic acidosis (eg, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe dehydration, sepsis, toxic ingestions, inborn errors of metabolism) |
Hyperthyroidism |
Hypothyroidism |
Hyperammonemia |
Hypocalcemia (laryngospasm) |
Hematologic |
Decreased O2 carrying capacity (eg, acute severe anemia from blood loss or hemolysis, hemoglobin variants, methemoglobinemia, or carbon monoxide poisoning) |
Acute chest syndrome (patients with sickle cell disease)* |
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