Family history | - AAT deficiency
- Emphysema
- Bronchiectasis
- Liver disease
- Panniculitis
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Lung disease | - Irreversible airflow limitation on spirometry
- Emphysema at a young age ≤45
- Emphysema in the absence of smoking or occupational risk factor
- Emphysema characterized by predominant basilar changes on chest imaging
- Adult onset asthma (when airflow obstruction fails to reverse completely after bronchodilators)
- Unexplained bronchiectasis
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Liver disease | - Neonatal hepatitis
- Cirrhosis in both children and adults
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatomegaly
- Unexplained liver disease
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Skin disease | - Necrotizing panniculitis (thigh, buttocks)
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Other associations | - ANCA-associated vasculitis
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Abnormal laboratory tests | - Persistent mild to moderate ↑ALT, ↑AST
- Low alpha1-globulin or presence of two bands in alpha1 globulin region on SPEP
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