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Essential features of the Toll-like receptors

Essential features of the Toll-like receptors
Receptor Ligands Cell expression Signaling intermediates Products
TLR1 + TLR2 Triacyl lipopeptide (gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria), Neisseria porins, Borrelia burgdorferi OspA M/M, MDC TIRAP, MyD88 IC
TLR2 + TLR6 Diacyl lipopeptide M/M, MC TIRAP, MyD88 IC
TLR3 dsRNA (viruses) B, T, NK TRIF IC, type 1 IFN
TLR4/MD2 LPS (gram-negative bacteria), RSV fusion protein, Chlamydia hsp60, extracellular matrix M/M, MDC, MC TRAM, TRIF or TIRAP, MyD88 IC, type 1 IFN
TLR5 Flagellin (bacteria) M/M, MDC MyD88 IC
TLR7 ssRNA (viruses), imidazoquinolines M/M, MDC, PDC, B MyD88 IC, type 1 IFN
TLR8 ssRNA (viruses), imidazoquinolines M/M, MDC, MC MyD88 IC, type 1 IFN
TLR9 CpG DNA (bacteria) M/M, PDC, B, T MyD88 IC, type 1 IFN
TLR10 Unknown M/M, B MyD88  
CpG DNA: cytosine guanine dinucleotide motifs (in bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid); dsRNA: double-stranded ribonucleic acid; hsp60: heat shock protein 60; IC: inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1-beta, interleukin 6, interleukin 12; IFN: interferon; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MC: mast cell; MDC: myeloid dendritic cell; MD2: myeloid differentiation factor 2; M/M: macrophage/monocyte; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88; NK: natural killer; OspA: outer surface protein A; PDC: plasmacytoid dendritic cell; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; ssRNA: single-stranded ribonucleic acid; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TIRAP: Toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein; TRAM: TRIF-related adapter molecule; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon beta.
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