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Etiology and frequency of esophageal perforation

Etiology and frequency of esophageal perforation
Etiology of esophageal perforation Frequency (percent)
Iatrogenic 59
Spontaneous 15
Foreign body ingestion 12
Trauma 9
Operative injury 2
Malignancy 1
Other 2
This table depicts the causes of esophageal perforation.
Data from: Brinster CJ, Singhal S, Lee L, et al. Evolving options in the management of esophageal perforation. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77:1475.
Graphic 61112 Version 1.0