Age | Disorder | Clinical characteristics |
Adolescents and young adults | Overuse injuries | Pain and loss of function associated with a particular athletic activity |
Acromioclavicular sprain | Focal pain over acromioclavicular joint; history of trauma | |
Shoulder instability | Minor trauma, high risk of recurrence | |
Middle-aged and older individuals | Rotator cuff tendinopathy or impingement syndrome | Pain, difficulty with active abduction and external rotation, pain at night, crepitus may be felt with lifting arm beyond 60° in impingement syndrome |
Rotator cuff tears | Pain and inability to actively abduct the arm, passive abduction is preserved | |
Subacromial bursitis or inflammatory synovitis | Features resemble rotator cuff tendinopathy, may be seen with rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, or crystal-induced arthritis | |
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) | Pain, stiffness, and marked loss of shoulder motion; risk factors include diabetes mellitus and prolonged immobilization | |
Bicipital tendinitis | Pain and tenderness anteriorly within the bicipital groove | |
Osteoarthritis | Associated with damage to the rotator cuff, rheumatoid arthritis, or chondrocalcinosis | |
Myofascial pain | Diffuse soft tissue tenderness in the shoulder region and over the chest wall |
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