- Cancer chemotherapy
- Analgesics (eg, aspirin, NSAIDs, narcotics)
- Cardiovascular medications and diuretics
- Hormonal therapies (oral antidiabetic agents, contraceptives)
- Antibiotics/antivirals
- Erythromycin
- Tetracycline
- Sulfonamides
- Antituberculous drugs
- Acyclovir
- CNS-active drugs (eg, antiparkinsonian drugs, antiseizure medications)
- Antiasthmatics
- Radiation therapy
- Jamaican vomiting sickness (unripe ackee fruit)
- Drug misuse and abuse
- Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
- Ethanol abuse
- Nicotine use
- Hypervitaminosis A
- Apomorphine poisoning (medical child abuse)
| - Mechanical obstruction
- Gastric outlet obstruction
- Malrotation with intermittent volvulus*
- Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
- Median arcuate ligament syndrome
- Duodenal atresia, web, or diverticulum
- Other causes of small bowel obstruction
- Functional gastrointestinal disorders
- Nonulcer dyspepsia
- Functional vomiting*
- Dysmotility
- Gastroparesis*
- Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
- Peptic and inflammatory
- Peptic ulcer disease*
- Eosinophilic esophagitis*
- Crohn disease
- Recurrent subacute appendicitis
- Inflammatory intraperitoneal disease
- Visceral
- Cholecystitis*/
cholelithiasis/ biliary dyskinesia - Choledochal cysts
- Pancreatitis*
- Hepatitis
- Gastrointestinal infections*
- Pinworms, Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia, Gastrospirillum
- Miscellaneous
- Mesenteric ischemia
- Retroperitoneal fibrosis
| - Migraine and variants*
- Migraine headache*
- Abdominal migraine*
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Hydrocephalus (primarily infants and toddlers)*
- Chiari type I malformation*
- Malignancy (eg, brainstem tumors)
- Stroke
- Infection
- Congenital malformation
- Pseudotumor cerebri
- Seizure disorder¶
- Demyelinating disorders
- Emotional responses (eg, pain)
- Psychiatric disease
- Functional vomiting
- Anxiety disorders
- Depression
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Labyrinthine disorders
- Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
- Motion sickness
- Labyrinthitis
- Menière disease
- Iatrogenic
- Chronic sinusitis*
| - Inborn errors of metabolism (primarily infants and toddlers)*
- Organic acidemias, urea cycle defects, fatty acid oxidation disorders
- Uremia
- Diabetic ketoacidosis*
- Hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Acute intermittent porphyria
| - Pregnancy
- Urolithiasis
- Ovarian cyst
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Uteropelvic junction obstruction*
| - Postoperative nausea and vomiting*
- Cardiac disease
- Myocardial infarction
- Heart failure
- Radiofrequency ablationΔ
- Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)*
- Starvation
|