6 independent predictors of major cardiac complications[1] |
High-risk type of surgery (examples include vascular surgery and any open intraperitoneal or intrathoracic procedures) |
History of ischemic heart disease (history of myocardial infarction or a positive exercise test, current complaint of chest pain considered to be secondary to myocardial ischemia, use of nitrate therapy, or ECG with pathological Q waves; do not count prior coronary revascularization procedure unless one of the other criteria for ischemic heart disease is present) |
History of heart failure |
History of cerebrovascular disease |
Diabetes mellitus requiring treatment with insulin |
Preoperative serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL (177 micromol/L) |
Rate of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal cardiac arrest according to the number of predictors[2] |
No risk factors – 0.4% (95% CI 0.1-0.8) |
1 risk factor – 1.0% (95% CI 0.5-1.4) |
2 risk factors – 2.4% (95% CI 1.3-3.5) |
3 or more risk factors – 5.4% (95% CI 2.8-7.9) |
Rate of myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, ventricular fibrillation, primary cardiac arrest, and complete heart block[1] |
No risk factors – 0.5% (95% CI 0.2-1.1) |
1 risk factor – 1.3% (95% CI 0.7-2.1) |
2 risk factors – 3.6% (95% CI 2.1-5.6) |
3 or more risk factors – 9.1% (95% CI 5.5-13.8) |
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