| Examination findings |
- Narrow or "crowded" oropharynx (eg, Mallampati 3 or 4; macroglossia, tonsillar enlargement, narrow palate)
- Obesity
- Large neck circumference (eg, >17 inches [males]; >16 inches [females])
- Craniofacial abnormalities (eg, retrognathia)
|
| Symptoms |
- Daytime sleepiness
- Nonrestorative sleep or fatigue
- Loud snoring
- Witnessed apneas by bed partner
- Awakening with choking or gasping
- Nocturnal restlessness
- Insomnia (initiation, maintenance, frequent awakenings)
- Lack of concentration
- Cognitive deficits (eg, short-term memory loss)
- Changes in mood
- Morning headaches
- Vivid, strange, or threatening dreams
- Nocturia
|
| Associated conditions |
- Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
- Systemic hypertension
- Cardiovascular disease (eg, heart failure)
- Cerebrovascular disease (eg, stroke, transient ischemic attacks)
- Cardiac dysrhythmias (eg, atrial fibrillation)
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Cor pulmonale
- End-stage kidney disease
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Chronic lung disease
- Pregnancy
- Acromegaly
- Hypothyroidism
- Gastroesophageal reflux
- Secondary polycythemia
- Floppy eyelid syndrome
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Parkinson disease
- Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Sleep-related bruxism
- Fibromyalgia
|
